Disability Law Index

Sections:

• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Findings and Purposes

  Historically, society has tended to isolate and segregate individuals with disabilities, and, despite some improvements, such forms of discrimination against individuals with disabilities continue to be a serious and pervasive social problem;

• ADA Definition of Disability

  The term disability means, with respect to an individual,

  (a) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual;

  (b) a record of such an impairment; or

  (c) being regarded as having such an impairment.

• ADA Exclusions

  For purposes of this chapter, the term ''individual with a disability'' does not include an individual who is currently engaging in the illegal use of drugs, when the covered entity acts on the basis of such use.

• ADA Smoking Policies

  Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to preclude the prohibition of, or the imposition of restrictions on, smoking in places.

• Employment: Discrimination (General Rule)

  No covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.

• Employment: Standards, Criteria, and Methods of Administration

  It is unlawful for a covered entity to use standards, criteria, or methods of administration, which are not job-related and consistent with business
  necessity, and:

  (a) That have the effect of discriminating on the basis of disability; or
  (b) That perpetuate the discrimination of others who are subject to common administrative control.

• Employment: Qualification Standards

  It is unlawful for a covered entity to use qualification standards, employment tests or other selection criteria that screen out or tend to screen out an individual with a disability or a class of individuals with disabilities, on the basis of disability...

• Employment: Discrimination based on Association

  It is unlawful for a covered entity to exclude or deny equal jobs or benefits to, or otherwise discriminate against, a qualified individual because of the known disability of an individual with whom the qualified individual is known to have a family, business, social or other relationship or association.

• Employment: Test Administration

  It is unlawful for a covered entity to fail to select and administer tests concerning employment in the most effective manner to ensure that... the test results accurately reflect the skills, aptitude, or whatever other factor of the applicant or employee that the test purports to measure...

• Employment: Hostile Work Environment

  Two Federal Court of Appeals decisions confirmed that a "hostile work environment" cause of action does exist under the American with Disabilities Act (ADA). Both the 4th and 5th Circuits acknowledged the right for a plaintiff to sue an employer for discrimination on the basis of his disability for creating or allowing a hostile work environment.

• Employment: Covered Entities

  The term covered entity means an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee. The term ''employer'' means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has 15 or more employees for each working day in each of 20 or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such person

• Employment: Religious Entities

  This subchapter shall not prohibit a religious corporation, association, educational institution, or society from giving preference in employment to individuals of a particular religion to perform work connected with the carrying on by such corporation, association, educational institution, or society of its activities.

• Employment: Essential Functions

  The term essential functions means the fundamental job duties of the employment position the individual with a disability holds or desires. The term essential functions does not include the marginal functions of the position.

• Employment: Reasonable Accommodation

  It is unlawful for a covered entity not to make reasonable accommodation to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified applicant or employee with a disability, unless such covered entity can demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the operation of its business.

• Employment: Direct Threat

  The term direct threat means a significant risk to the health or safety of others that cannot be eliminated by reasonable accommodation.

• Employment: Undue Hardship

  The term undue hardship means an action requiring significant difficulty or expense.

• Employment: Posting Notices

  Every employer, employment agency, labor organization, and joint labor-management committee controlling an apprenticeship or other training program that has an obligation under the ADA shall post and keep posted in conspicuous places upon its premises notices in an accessible format describing the applicable provisions of the ADA. 

• Employment: Medical Examinations and Inquiries

  A covered entity may make pre-employment inquiries into the ability of an applicant to perform job-related functions, and/or may ask an applicant to describe or to demonstrate how, with or without reasonable accommodation, the applicant will be able to perform job-related functions.

• Employment: Alcohol and Drug Policies

  A covered entity may prohibit the illegal use of drugs and the use of alcohol at the workplace by all employees.

• Employment: Drug Testing

  A test to determine the illegal use of drugs is not considered a medical examination.

• Employment: Insurance

  An insurer, hospital, or medical service company, health maintenance organization, or any agent or entity that administers benefit plans, or similar organizations may underwrite risks, classify risks, or administer such risks that are based on or not inconsistent with State law.

• Employment: Enforcement and Remedies

  Powers, remedies, and procedures

• Employment: Arbitration

  The Supreme Court held that the EEOC had authority to pursue victim-specific relief regardless of the forum that the employer and employee had agreed to resolve their disputes. 

• Public Entities: General Anti-Discrimination Provisions

  No qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity , or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.

• Public Entities: Eligibility Criteria

  A public entity shall not impose or apply eligibility criteria that screen out or tend to screen out an individual with a disability or any class of individuals with disabilities from fully and equally enjoying any service, program, or activity, unless such criteria can be shown to be necessary for the provision of the service, program, or activity being offered.

• Public Entities: Integration

  A public entity shall administer services, programs, and activities in the most integrated setting appropriate to the needs of qualified individuals with disabilities.

• Public Entities: Contracts, Licenses, and Certification

  A public entity, in providing any aid, benefit, or service, may not, directly or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements, on the basis of disability deny a qualified individual with a disability the opportunity to participate in or benefit from the aid, benefit, or service;

• Public Entities: Employment

  No qualified individual with a disability shall, on the basis of disability, be subjected to discrimination in employment under any service, program, or activity conducted by a public entity.

• Public Entities: Direct Threat

  This part does not require a public entity to permit an individual to participate in or benefit from the services, programs, or activities of that public entity when that individual poses a direct threat to the health or safety of others.

• Public Entities: Notice Requirements

  A public entity shall make available to applicants, participants, beneficiaries, and other interested persons information regarding the provisions of this part and its applicability to the services, programs, or activities of the public entity, and make such information available to them...

• Public Entities: Reasonable Modifications / Fundamental Alteration

  A public entity shall make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures when the modifications are necessary to avoid discrimination on the basis of disability, unless the public entity can demonstrate that making the modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the service, program, or activity.

• Public Entities: Effective Communication

  A public entity shall take appropriate steps to ensure that communications with applicants, participants, members of the public, and companions with disabilities are as effective as communications with others.

• Public Entities: Mobility Devices

  A public entity shall permit individuals with mobility disabilities to use wheelchairs and manually-powered mobility aids, such as walkers, crutches, canes, braces, or other similar devices designed for use by individuals with mobility disabilities in any areas open to pedestrian use.

• Public Entities: Personal Devices and Services

  This part does not require a public entity to provide to individuals with disabilities personal devices, such as wheelchairs; individually prescribed devices, such as prescription eyeglasses or hearing aids; readers for personal use or study; or services of a personal nature including assistance in eating, toileting, or dressing.

• Public Entities: Service Animals

  Generally, a public entity shall modify its policies, practices, or procedures to permit the use of a service animal by an individual with a disability.

• Public Entities: Surcharge

  A public entity may not place a surcharge on a particular individual with a disability or any group of individuals with disabilities to cover the costs of measures, such as the provision of auxiliary aids or program accessibility, that are required to provide that individual or group with the nondiscriminatory treatment required by the Act or this part.

• Public Entities: Ticketing

  A public entity that sells tickets for a single event or series of events shall modify its policies, practices, or procedures to ensure that individuals with disabilities have an equal opportunity to purchase tickets for accessible seating.

• Public Entities: Existing Facilities

  A public entity shall operate each service, program, or activity so that the service, program, or activity, when viewed in its entirety, is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.

• Public Entities: New Construction and Alterations

  Each facility or part of a facility constructed by, on behalf of, or for the use of a public entity shall be designed and constructed in such manner that the facility or part of the facility is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities...

• Public Entities: Maintenance

  A public accommodation shall maintain in operable working condition those features of facilities and equipment that are required to be readily accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities.

• Public Entities: Correctional Facilities

  Public entities shall ensure that qualified inmates or detainees with disabilities shall not, because a facility is inaccessible to or unusable by individuals with disabilities, be excluded from participation in, or be denied the benefits of, the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any public entity.

• Public Entities: Historic Preservation Programs

  Historic preservation programs means programs conducted by a public entity that have preservation of historic properties as a primary purpose.

• Public Entities: Enforcement and Remedies

  The remedies, procedures, and rights set forth in section 794a of title 29 shall be the remedies, procedures, and rights this subchapter provides to any person alleging discrimination on the basis of disability in violation of section 12132 of this title.

• Public Entities: Managed Care (Medicare & Medicaid)

  Neither the Rehabilitation Act nor ADA requires states to provide identical benefits for people with disabilities. States retain substantial discretion in choosing the proper mix of amount, scope and duration limitations on coverage.

• Public Entities: Web and Mobile Accessibility

  A public entity shall ensure that the following are readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities:

  (1) Web content that a public entity provides or makes available, directly or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements; and

  (2) Mobile apps that a public entity provides or makes available, directly or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements.

• Public Entities: Accessible Medical Diagnostic Equipment

  No qualified individual with a disability shall, on the basis of disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the health care services, programs, or activities of a public entity offered through or with the use of medical diagnostic equipment...

• Public Accommodations: General Anti-Discrimination Provisions

  No individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation.

• Public Accommodations: Covered Establishments

  Place of public accommodation means a facility operated by a private entity whose operations affect commerce and fall within at least one of the following categories:

• Public Accommodations: Commercial Facilities

  The term "commercial facilities" means facilities that are intended for nonresidential use; and whose operations will affect commerce.

• Public Accommodations: Exemptions and Exclusions

  This part does not apply to any private club (except to the extent that the facilities of the private club are made available to customers or patrons of a place of public accommodation), or to any religious entity or public entity.

• Public Accommodations: Eligibility Criteria

  A public accommodation shall not impose or apply eligibility criteria that screen out or tend to screen out an individual with a disability from fully and equally enjoying any goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations, unless such criteria can be shown to be necessary for the provision of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations being offered.

• Public Accommodations: Direct Threat

  This part does not require a public accommodation to permit an individual to participate in or benefit from the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages and accommodations of that public accommodation when that individual poses a direct threat to the health or safety of others.

• Public Accommodations: Undue Burden

  Undue burden means significant difficulty or expense.

• Public Accommodations: Reasonable Modifications

  A public accommodation shall make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures, when the modifications are necessary to afford goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations to individuals with disabilities, unless the public accommodation can demonstrate that making the modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations.

• Public Accommodations: Service Animals

  Generally, a public accommodation shall modify policies, practices, or procedures to permit the use of a service animal by an individual with a disability.

• Public Accommodations: Reservations by Places of Lodging

  A public accommodation that owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of lodging shall...

  Modify its policies, practices, or procedures to ensure that individuals with disabilities can make reservations for accessible guest rooms during the same hours and in the same manner as individuals who do not need accessible rooms;

• Public Accommodations: Ticketing

  A public accommodation that sells tickets for a single event or series of events shall modify its policies, practices, or procedures to ensure that individuals with disabilities have an equal opportunity to purchase tickets for accessible seating.

• Public Accommodations: Auxiliary Aids and Services

  A public accommodation shall take those steps that may be necessary to ensure that no individual with a disability is excluded, denied services, segregated or otherwise treated differently than other individuals because of the absence of auxiliary aids and services...

• Public Accommodations: Personal Devices and Services

  This part does not require a public accommodation to provide its customers, clients, or participants with personal devices, such as wheelchairs; individually prescribed devices, such as prescription eyeglasses or hearing aids; or services of a personal nature including assistance in eating, toileting, or dressing.

• Public Accommodations: Surcharges

  A public accommodation may not impose a surcharge on a particular individual with a disability or any group of individuals with disabilities to cover the costs of measures, such as the provision of auxiliary aids, barrier removal, alternatives to barrier removal, and reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures...

• Public Accommodations: New Construction

  Discrimination includes a failure to design and construct facilities for first occupancy later than 30 months after July 26, 1990, that are readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities...

• Public Accommodations: Alterations

  Any alteration to a place of public accommodation or a commercial facility, after January 26, 1992, shall be made so as to ensure that, to the maximum extent feasible, the altered portions of the facility are readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, including individuals who use wheelchairs.

• Public Accommodations: Historic Preservation

  If it is determined that it is not feasible to provide physical access to an historic property that is a place of public accommodation in a manner that will not threaten or destroy the historic significance of the building or the facility, alternative methods of access shall be provided.

• Public Accommodations: Readily Achievable Barrier Removal

  A public accommodation shall remove architectural barriers in existing facilities, including communication barriers that are structural in nature, where such removal is readily achievable, i.e., easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much difficulty or expense.

• Public Accommodations: Examinations and Courses

  Any private entity that offers examinations or courses related to applications, licensing, certification, or credentialing for secondary or postsecondary education, professional, or trade purposes shall offer such examinations or courses in a place and manner accessible to persons with disabilities or offer alternative accessible arrangements for such individuals.

• Public Accommodations: Seating in Assembly Areas

  A public accommodation shall ensure that wheelchair spaces and companion seats are provided in each specialty seating area that provides spectators with distinct services or amenities that generally are not available to other spectators. 

• Public Accommodations: Transportation by Public Accommodations

  A public accommodation that provides transportation services, but that is not primarily engaged in the business of transporting people, is subject to the general and specific provisions in subparts B, C, and D of this part for its transportation operations, except as provided in this section.

• Public Accommodations: Mobility Devices

  A public accommodation shall permit individuals with mobility disabilities to use wheelchairs and manually-powered mobility aids, such as walkers, crutches, canes, braces, or other similar devices designed for use by individuals with mobility disabilities in any areas open to pedestrian use.

• Public Accommodations: Enforcement and Remedies

  The remedies and procedures set forth in section 2000a-3(a) of this title are the remedies and procedures this subchapter provides to any person who is being subjected to discrimination on the basis of disability in violation of this subchapter or who has reasonable grounds for believing that such person is about to be subjected to discrimination...

• Public Accommodations: Insurance

  A public accommodation shall not refuse to serve an individual with a disability because its insurance company conditions coverage or rates on the absence of individuals with disabilities.

• Transportation: In General

  No entity shall discriminate against an individual with a disability in connection with the provision of transportation service.

• Transportation: Enforcement

  Transportation entities are subject to administrative enforcement by the Department of Transportation and Department of Justice.

• Transportation: Facilities

  A transportation facility shall be considered to be readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities if it meets the requirements of this part and the standards set forth in appendix A to this part.

• Transportation: Lifts

  Statute:42 U.S.C. § 12145 - Temporary relief where lifts are unavailable(a) Granting - With respect to the purchase of new buses, a public entity...

• Transportation: Rail Service

  It shall be considered discrimination for purposes of section 12132 of this title and section 794 of title 29 for a person who provides intercity rail transportation to fail to have at least one passenger car per train that is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, including individuals who use wheelchairs...

• Transportation: Ramps

  All vehicles covered by this subpart shall provide a level-change mechanism or boarding device (e.g., lift or ramp) complying with paragraph (b) or (c) of this section and sufficient clearances to permit a wheelchair or other mobility aid user to reach a securement location.

• Transportation: Securement Devices

  ...the entity shall provide and use a securement system to ensure that the wheelchair remains within the securement area.

• Transportation: Wheelchairs

  All common wheelchairs and their users shall be transported in the entity's vehicles or other conveyances. 

• Transportation: Buses

  Statute:42 U.S.C. § 12145 - Temporary relief where lifts are unavailable(a) Granting - With respect to the purchase of new buses, a public entity...

• Transportation: Demand Responsive Systems

  If a public entity operates a demand responsive system, it shall be considered discrimination to purchase or lease a new vehicle for use on such system that is not readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities unless such system provides a level of service equivalent to the level of service such system provides to individuals without disabilities.

• Transportation: Paratransit Services

  It shall be considered discrimination for a public entity which operates a fixed route system (other than a system which provides solely commuter bus service) to fail to provide paratransit and other special transportation services to individuals with disabilities which is comparable to the level of designated public transportation services provided to individuals without disabilities using such system.

• Transportation: Private entities providing taxi service

  Private entities providing taxi service shall not discriminate against individuals with disabilities by actions including, but not limited to, refusing to provide service to individuals with disabilities who can use taxi vehicles, refusing to assist with the stowing of mobility devices, and charging higher fares or fees for carrying individuals with disabilities and their equipment...

• Transportation: Fixed Route Systems

  The term ''fixed route system'' means a system of providing designated public transportation on which a vehicle is operated along a prescribed route according to a fixed schedule.

• Transportation: Highways

  All such facilities that will be constructed with Federal financial assistance shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the accessibility standards referenced in Sec. 27.3(b) of this part.

• Transportation: Historic Vehicles

  To the extent that compliance would significantly alter the historic or antiquated character of a historical or antiquated rail passenger car, or a rail station served exclusively by such cars, such compliance shall not be required.

• Transportation: School Transportation

  The requirements of this part do not apply to public school transportation. 

• Transportation: Stop Announcements & Route Identification

  The entity shall announce at least at transfer points with other fixed routes, other major intersections and destination points, and intervals along a route sufficient to permit individuals with visual impairments or other disabilities to be oriented to their location.